Sensors by industry

Joint torque, contact force, winding temperature and battery temperature: the measurements behind balance and safe actuation, the sensors that make them, and the calculations they need.

Electrical test gets the attention, but a fab and a test floor also run on temperature, vacuum, humidity and vibration measurements. What each one is, in which unit, and where a calculator helps.

Cooling is a measurement problem before it is a mechanical one. The quantities a facility watches, the sensors behind them, and the checks worth doing before the cable is pulled.

Position is the job of scales and encoders. Keeping that position true depends on temperature, pressure and vibration measurements around the spindle, the hydraulics and the coolant.

A battery pack is managed by its temperatures, and a battery factory by its dew point. The sensors behind both, and the conversions they need.

Pressure, temperature, level and flow in hazardous areas, usually on two-wire 4–20 mA loops. Where the engineering margins are, and how to check them.

Level and pressure over long distances, on simple two-wire loops. Most questions come down to water column, cable resistance and protection against immersion.

Temperatures that must be proven, weights that must be right, and equipment that is washed down every day. The measurements, their tolerances and the checks behind them.

Three temperature elements that look alike on a drawing and are not interchangeable, small pressures in pascals, and humidity that only makes sense as a dew point.

High temperatures on thermocouples, bearing and winding temperatures on long RTD cables, and rotating machines judged by vibration velocity.